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Membranes

Freeze fracture is a technique used to visualize integral membrane proteins.  Cells are frozen and then fractured, which separates the two phospholipid layers of the membrane and allows the examination of the inner surface of each leaflet.  Shown here are membranes of unmyelinated axons.  Proteins appear as bumps; the remainder of the surface is lipid.  100,000x

Integral membrane proteins <p>Freeze fracture is a technique used to visualize integral membrane proteins.  Cells are frozen and then fractured, which separates the two phospholipid layers of the membrane and allows the examination of the inner surface of each leaflet.  Shown here are membranes of unmyelinated axons.  Proteins appear as bumps; the remainder of the surface is lipid.  100,000x</p>

Integral membrane proteins

Freeze fracture is a technique used to visualize integral membrane proteins.  Cells are frozen and then fractured, which separates the two phospholipid layers of the membrane and allows the examination of the inner surface of each leaflet.  Shown here are membranes of unmyelinated axons.  Proteins appear as bumps; the remainder of the surface is lipid.  100,000x
Lipid leaflet <p>Freeze fracture is a technique used to visualize integral membrane proteins.  Cells are frozen and then fractured, which separates the two phospholipid layers of the membrane and allows the examination of the inner surface of each leaflet.  Shown here are membranes of unmyelinated axons.  Proteins appear as bumps; the remainder of the surface is lipid.  100,000x</p>

Lipid leaflet

Freeze fracture is a technique used to visualize integral membrane proteins.  Cells are frozen and then fractured, which separates the two phospholipid layers of the membrane and allows the examination of the inner surface of each leaflet.  Shown here are membranes of unmyelinated axons.  Proteins appear as bumps; the remainder of the surface is lipid.  100,000x
Main SlideIntegral membrane proteinsLipid leaflet